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TOEFL Reading Practice

约 6534 个字 11 行代码 预计阅读时间 22 分钟

Outline

Prompts
  • 这篇文章的大意是什么？

  • 这是一篇托福阅读题目，我正在复盘我的答题，请你给出逐段翻译，对重点词汇给出释义，请你将每一段的内容按照下面格式给我：

    template:

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    ???- Info "Paragraph number"

    **原文：**
    这里是原文

    **翻译：**
    这里是翻译

**重点词汇：**

*   **word or phrase**: 中文汉译

TPO 54

TPO 55

Reading I (-3)

Paragraph 1

原文： The European Mesolithic (roughly the period from 8000 B.C. to 2700 B.C.) testifies to a continuity in human culture from the times of the Ice Age. This continuity, however, was based on continuous adjustment to environmental changes following the end of the last glacial period (about 12,500 years ago). Three broad subdivisions within the northern Mesolithic are known in Scandinavia. The Maglemose Period (7500–5700 B.C.) was a time of seasonal exploitation of rivers and lakes, combined with terrestrial hunting and foraging. The sites from the Kongemose Period (5700–4600 B.C.) are mainly on the Baltic Sea coasts, along bays and near lagoons, where the people exploited both marine and terrestrial resources. Many Kongemose sites are somewhat larger than Maglemose ones. The Ertebølle Period (4600–3200 B.C.) was the culmination of Mesolithic culture in southern Scandinavia.

翻译： 欧洲的中石器时代（大致从公元前8000年到公元前2700年）证明了人类文化从冰河时代以来的延续性。然而，这种延续性是建立在对末次冰期（约12，500年前）结束后环境变化的持续调整之上的。在斯堪的纳维亚，北方的中石器时代已知有三个大的细分时期。马格勒莫斯时期（公元前7500-5700年）是一个季节性开发河流和湖泊，并结合陆地狩猎和觅食的时期。孔厄莫斯时期（公元前5700-4600年）的遗址主要位于波罗的海沿岸，沿着海湾和泻湖附近，那里的人们同时开发海洋和陆地资源。许多孔厄莫斯遗址比马格勒莫斯遗址要稍大一些。埃特博勒时期（公元前4600-3200年）是斯堪的纳维亚南部中石器时代文化的顶峰。

重点词汇：

  • Mesolithic: 中石器时代
  • testifies to: 证明，表明
  • continuity: 连续性，延续性
  • glacial period: 冰期，冰川时期
  • terrestrial: 陆地的
  • foraging: 觅食
  • culmination: 顶点，顶峰
Paragraph 2

原文： By the Ertebølle Period, the Scandinavians were occupying coastal settlements year-round and subsisting off a very wide range of food sources. These included forest game and waterfowl, shellfish, sea mammals, and both shallow-water and deepwater fish. There were smaller, seasonal coastal sites, too, for specific activities such as deepwater fishing, sealing, or hunting of migratory birds. One such site, the Aggersund site in Denmark, was occupied for short periods of time in the autumn, when the inhabitants collected oysters and hunted some game, especially migratory swans. Ertebølle technology was far more elaborate than that of its Mesolithic predecessors; a wide variety of antler, bone, and wood tools for specialized purposes such as fowling and sea-mammal hunting were developed, including dugout canoes up to ten meters long.

翻译： 到了埃特博勒时期，斯堪的纳维亚人开始全年占据沿海定居点，并依赖非常广泛的食物来源为生。这些食物包括森林猎物、水禽、贝类、海洋哺乳动物以及浅水和深水鱼类。同时也有一些更小的、季节性的沿海遗址，用于特定活动，如深水捕鱼、捕海豹或猎杀候鸟。其中一个这样的遗址是丹麦的 Aggersund 遗址，它在秋季被短暂占据，当时居民们采集牡蛎并猎取一些猎物，尤其是迁徙的天鹅。埃特博勒时期的技术远比其中石器时代的前辈们精细；他们开发了多种用于特定目的的鹿角、骨头和木制工具，例如用于捕鸟和猎杀海洋哺乳动物，还包括长达十米的独木舟。

重点词汇：

  • subsisting off: 依靠...为生
  • game: 猎物
  • waterfowl: 水禽
  • shellfish: 贝类
  • migratory birds: 候鸟
  • elaborate: 精细的，复杂的
  • antler: 鹿角
  • specialized: 专门的，专业的
  • fowling: 捕鸟
  • dugout canoes: 独木舟
Paragraph 3

原文： With sedentary settlement comes evidence of greater social complexity in the use of cemeteries for burials and changes in burial practices. The trend toward more sedentary settlement, the cemeteries, and the occasional social differentiation revealed by elaborate burials are all reflections of an intensified use of resources among these relatively affluent hunter-gatherers of 3000 B.C. Mesolithic societies intensified the food quest by exploiting many more marine species, making productive use of migratory waterfowl and their breeding grounds, and collecting shellfish in enormous numbers. This intensification is also reflected in a much more elaborate and diverse technology, more exchange of goods and materials between neighbors, greater variety in settlement types, and a slowly rising population throughout southern Scandinavia. These phenomena may, in part, be a reflection of rising sea levels throughout the Mesolithic that flooded many cherished territories. There are signs, too, of regional variations in artifact forms and styles, indicative of cultural differences between people living in well-delineated territories and competing for resources.

翻译： 随着定居生活的出现，出现了社会复杂性增加的证据，表现为墓地的使用和埋葬习俗的改变。趋于更定居化的生活、墓地的出现、以及由精美墓葬所揭示的偶然的社会分化，所有这些都反映了公元前3000年这些相对富裕的狩猎-采集者对于资源利用的强化。中石器时代社会通过开发更多海洋物种、有效利用迁徙水禽及其繁殖地、以及大量采集贝类，来强化对食物的寻求。这种强化也反映在更加精细和多样的技术、邻里间更多的物品和材料交换、更多样化的定居点类型、以及整个斯堪的纳维亚南部缓慢增长的人口上。这些现象可能部分反映了整个中石器时代海平面上升淹没了许多珍贵的领土。也有迹象表明，器物形态和风格存在地区差异，这表明生活在界限分明的领土上并相互争夺资源的人们之间存在文化差异。

重点词汇：

  • sedentary settlement: 定居生活
  • cemeteries: 墓地
  • intensified: 强化的，加剧的
  • affluent: 富裕的
  • breeding grounds: 繁殖地
  • indicative of: 表明，显示
  • well-delineated: 界限分明的
Paragraph 4

原文： Mesolithic cultures are much less well-defined elsewhere in Europe, partly because the climatic changes were less extreme than in southern Scandinavia and because there were fewer opportunities for coastal adaptation. In much of central Europe, settlement was confined to lakeside and riverside locations, widely separated from one another by dense forests. Many Mesolithic lakeside sites were located in transitional zones between different environments so that the inhabitants could return to a central base location, where for much of the year they lived close to predictable resources such as lake fish. However, they would exploit both forest game and other seasonal resources from satellite camps. For example, the archaeologist Michael Jochim believes that some groups lived during most of the year in camps along the Danube River in central Europe, moving to summer encampments on the shores of neighboring lakes. In areas like Spain, there appears to have been intensified exploitation of marine and forest resources. There was a trend nearly everywhere toward greater variety in the diet, with more attention being paid to less obvious foods and to those that require more complex processing methods than do game and other such resources.

翻译： 在欧洲其他地区，中石器时代文化的界定不那么清晰，部分原因是气候变化不如斯堪的纳维亚南部那么极端，也因为沿海适应的机会较少。在中欧大部分地区，定居点局限于湖边和河边地点，彼此之间被茂密的森林广泛隔开。许多中石器时代的湖边遗址位于不同环境之间的过渡地带，这样居民们可以返回一个中心基地，在一年的大部分时间里，他们靠近可预测的资源（如湖鱼）生活。然而，他们会从卫星营地开发森林猎物和其他季节性资源。例如，考古学家 Michael Jochim 认为，一些群体在一年中的大部分时间居住在中欧多瑙河沿岸的营地，然后转移到邻近湖岸的夏季营地。在像西班牙这样的地区，似乎也存在对海洋和森林资源的强化利用。几乎每个地方都出现了饮食多样化的趋势，人们更加关注那些不太显眼的食物，以及那些比猎物和其他类似资源需要更复杂加工方法的食物。

重点词汇：

  • well-defined: 界定清晰的，明确的
  • coastal adaptation: 沿海适应
  • confined to: 局限于
  • transitional zones: 过渡地带
  • satellite camps: 卫星营地（指围绕主要定居点的临时性或季节性营地）
  • encampments: 营地，宿营地
Paragraph 5

原文： Thus, in parts of Europe, there was a long-term trend among hunter-gatherer societies toward a more extensive exploitation of food resources, often within the context of a strategy that sought ways to minimize the impact of environmental uncertainty. In more favored southern Scandinavia, such societies achieved a new level of social complexity that was to become commonplace among later farming peoples, and this preadaptation proved an important catalyst for rapid economic and social change when farming did come to Europe.

翻译： 因此，在欧洲部分地区，狩猎-采集社会出现了一种长期趋势，即更广泛地开发食物资源，这通常是在一种寻求尽量减少环境不确定性影响的策略背景下进行的。在条件更优越的斯堪的纳维亚南部，这些社会达到了一种新的社会复杂化水平，这种水平在后来的农耕民族中变得普遍，而这种“预适应”被证明是当农业真正传入欧洲时，引发快速经济和社会变革的重要催化剂。

重点词汇：

  • extensive exploitation: 广泛的开发/利用
  • preadaptation: 预适应（指一个特征在原始功能之外，恰好对新环境有适应价值）

TPO 56

Reading II

Paragraph 1

原文： Before 1750, colonists in North America had little occasion to think of themselves as a distinct people. There was no American government, no single political organization in which all the colonies joined to manage their common concerns. There was not even a wish for such an organization except among a few eccentric individuals. America, to the people who lived in it, was still a geographic region, not a frame of mind.

翻译： 在1750年之前，北美殖民者很少有机会将自己视作一个独特的民族。那时不存在一个美国政府，也不存在一个所有殖民地都加入其中来管理他们共同事务的单一政治组织。甚至除了少数特立独行的人之外，几乎没有人希望有这样一个组织。对于生活在其中的人们来说，美洲仍然只是一个地理区域，而非一种思想状态。

重点词汇：

  • common concerns: 共同关切/事务
  • eccentric individuals: 古怪的/特立独行的人
  • a frame of mind: 一种思想状态/心态
Paragraph 2

原文： Asked about nationality, the typical American colonist of 1750 would have said English or British. In spite of substantial numbers of Dutch, Germans, and Scotch-Irish, English people and English institutions prevailed in every colony, and most colonists spoke of England as home even though they had never been there. Yet no American institutions were quite like their counterparts in England; the heritage of English ideas that went with these institutions was so rich and varied that colonists were able to select and develop those that best suited their situation and forget others that meanwhile were growing prominent in the mother country. This variety sometimes led to regional differences: in some ways New Englanders were set off from Virginians even more than from people in England. But some ideas, institutions, and attitudes became common in all the colonies and remained uncommon in England. Although colonial Englishmen were not yet aware that they shared these Americanisms with one another or that English people in England did not share them, many of the characteristic ideas and attitudes that later distinguished United States nationalism were already present by the mid-eighteenth century.

翻译： 如果问及国籍，1750年典型的美国殖民者会说自己是大不列颠人或英格兰人。尽管有相当数量的荷兰人、德国人和苏格兰-爱尔兰人，但英格兰人和英格兰的制度在每个殖民地都占主导地位，而且大多数殖民者都将英格兰称为家乡，即使他们从未去过那里。然而，美洲的机构没有一个是和它们在英格兰的对应机构完全一样的；伴随着这些机构的英格兰思想遗产是如此丰富和多样，以至于殖民者能够选择并发展那些最适合他们处境的部分，而忽略了同时期在母国变得日益重要的其他部分。这种多样性有时会导致地区差异：在某些方面，新英格兰人与弗吉尼亚人的区别，甚至比他们与英格兰人的区别还要大。但是，一些思想、制度和态度在所有殖民地变得普遍，而在英格兰却并不常见。尽管殖民地的英格兰人尚未意识到他们彼此共享着这些“美洲特色”，或者英格兰本土的人并不具备这些特色，但许多后来区分出美国民族主义的典型思想和态度，在十八世纪中期就已经存在了。

重点词汇：

  • prevailed: 占主导地位，盛行
  • set off: 使分离，使区别
  • Americanisms: 美洲特色，美国特有的事物
  • nationalism: 民族主义，国家主义
Paragraph 3

原文： English people brought with them to the New World the political ideas that still give English and American government a close resemblance. But American colonists very early developed conceptions of representative government in which citizens choose officials who create policies and legislation that differed from those in England. Representative government in England originated in the Middle Ages, when the king called for men to advise him. They were chosen by their neighbors and informed the king of his subjects’ wishes. Eventually, their advice became so compelling that the king could not reject it, and the representatives of the people, organized as a legislature known as the House of Commons, became the most powerful branch of the English government.

翻译： 英格兰人将那些至今仍使英国政府和美国政府极为相似的政治思想带到了新世界。但是美洲殖民者很早就发展出了关于代议制政府的观念，即公民选举官员来制定政策和法律，这与英格兰的观念有所不同。英格兰的代议制政府起源于中世纪，当时国王召集人们来为他提供建议。这些人由他们的邻居推选，并向国王告知其臣民的愿望。最终，他们的建议变得如此具有约束力，以至于国王无法拒绝，而这些人民的代表，组成了一个称为下议院的立法机构，成为了英国政府中最有权力的分支。

重点词汇：

  • resemblance: 相似之处（来自 resemble）
  • representative government: 代议制政府（representive 为代表的之意思）
  • compelling: 有强制力的，令人信服的
  • legislature: 立法机关
  • House of Commons: （英国）下议院
Paragraph 4

原文： At first, the House of Commons consisted of representatives from each county, or shire, and from selected boroughs. Over the centuries many of these boroughs became ghost towns with only a handful of inhabitants, and great towns sprang up where none had existed before. Yet the old boroughs continued to send members to the House of Commons, and the new towns sent none. Moreover, only a fraction of the English population could participate even in county elections. In order to vote, a man had to own property that would, if rented, yield him at least 40 shillings yearly. Few could meet the test. A number of English people thought the situation absurd and said so. But nothing was done to improve it; in fact, a theory was devised to justify it. A member of the House of Commons, it was said, represented not the people who chose him but the whole country, and he was not responsible for any particular constituency. Not all Englishmen could vote for representatives, but all were virtually represented by every member of the Commons.

翻译： 起初，下议院由来自每个郡（shire）和特定自治市（boroughs）的代表组成。几个世纪以来，这些自治市中的许多变成了只有少数居民的鬼镇，而以前没有城镇的地方却涌现出了一些大城市。然而，旧的自治市继续向下议院派遣议员，而新的城镇却一个也没有。此外，即使是在郡一级的选举中，也只有一小部分英格兰人口能够参与。为了获得投票权，一个人必须拥有财产，如果将其出租，每年能为他带来至少40先令的收入。很少有人能满足这个条件。许多英国人认为这种情况很荒谬，并且也这样说了。但并没有采取任何措施来改善它；事实上，还设计出一种理论来为其辩护。据说，下议院议员代表的不是选择他的人，而是整个国家，并且他不对任何特定选区负责。并非所有英国人都能投票选举代表，但所有人都实质上被下议院的每一位议员所代表。

重点词汇：

  • shire: （英国的）郡
  • boroughs: （英国的）自治市镇
  • ghost towns: 鬼镇，废弃的城镇
  • sprang up: 涌现，突然出现
  • yield: 产生（收益）
  • devised: 设计，发明
  • constituency: 选区
  • virtually represented: 实质代表制
Paragraph 5

原文： The assemblies of American colonial representatives were more democratic. Although every colony had property qualifications for voting, probably the great majority of adult white males owned enough land to meet them. Moreover, the system for apportioning representation was more balanced. New England colonies gave every town the right to send delegates to the legislature. Outside New England, the unit of representation was usually the county. The political organization of new counties and the extension of representation seldom kept pace with the rapid advance of settlement westward, but nowhere was representation so uneven or irrational as in England.

翻译： 美洲殖民地的代表议会则更为民主。尽管每个殖民地都对投票设有财产资格限制，但很可能绝大多数成年白人男性都拥有足够的土地来满足条件。此外，分配代表权的制度也更为平衡。新英格兰殖民地赋予每个城镇向立法机关派遣代表的权利。在新英格兰以外，代表单位通常是县。新县的政治组织和代表权的扩展很少能跟上向西快速推进的定居步伐，但没有任何地方的代议制度像英格兰那样不平衡和不合理。

重点词汇：

  • assemblies: 议会，集会
  • apportioning: 分配，分派
  • delegates: 代表
Paragraph 6

原文： American colonists knew nothing of virtual representation. A colonial representative was supposed to be an agent of the people who chose him. He was supposed to look after their interests first and those of the colony second. In New England, where town meetings could be called at any time, people often gathered to tell their delegate how to vote on a particular issue.

翻译： 美洲殖民者对“实质代表制”一无所知。殖民地的代表被认为是选举他的民众的代理人。他应该首先照顾他们的利益，其次才是殖民地的利益。在新英格兰，镇民大会可以随时召开，人们经常聚集起来告诉他们的代表在特定议题上该如何投票。

TPO 60

Reading I

Paragraph 1

原文： Until about the late 1980s, most scientists believed that life was restricted to the top few meters of the soil or ocean sediments. The few reports of organisms being recovered from great depths within Earth were dismissed as contamination with material from the surface layers. Two technical developments changed this view. The first was the development of drilling techniques that gave confidence that samples could be retrieved from depth without contamination. Samples were recovered using a diamond-studded drill bit that headed a great length of rotating steel pipe from a drilling derrick. A concentrated tracer material was added to the lubricating fluid so that when a deep sample of rock was removed, any contaminated material could be identified and cut away to leave a pristine sample of rock from deep within Earth. The second development was the advent of techniques for identifying microorganisms without having to grow them in culture. All organisms contain DNA, and their presence can be revealed by dyes that either stain DNA directly or can be attached to nucleic acid probes. By varying the nucleic acid probe, scientists can demonstrate the presence of different types of microorganisms.

翻译： 直到大约20世纪80年代末，大多数科学家都认为生命只存在于土壤或海洋沉积物的顶部几米内。少数关于从地球深处发现生物的报告，曾被当作是地表物质污染的结果而被否定。两项技术的发展改变了这一观点。第一项是钻探技术的发展，它让人们确信能够在不被污染的情况下从深处获取样本。样本是通过一个镶有钻石的钻头获取的，该钻头连接着钻井塔上长长的旋转钢管。在润滑液中加入了浓缩的追踪剂，这样当取出一块深层岩石样本时，任何被污染的部分都可以被识别并切除，从而留下来自地球深处的原始岩石样本。第二项发展是无需培养即可识别微生物的技术的出现。所有生物都含有DNA，它们的存在可以通过染料来揭示，这些染料可以直接对DNA染色，或者可以附着在核酸探针上。通过改变核酸探针，科学家可以证明不同类型微生物的存在。

重点词汇：

  • sediments: 沉积物
  • dismissed as: 被当作...而不予理会
  • contamination: 污染
  • retrieved: 取回，回收
  • diamond-studded drill bit: 镶有钻石的钻头
  • drilling derrick: 钻井塔，钻探架
  • tracer material: 追踪剂材料
  • lubricating fluid: 润滑液
  • pristine: 原始的，未受污染的
  • the advent of: ...的出现/到来
  • culture: （微生物）培养
  • nucleic acid probes: 核酸探针
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原文： The first scientists to use these techniques were involved in the Subsurface Science Program of the United States Department of Energy (DOE). They were interested in the possibility that if organisms existed in the depths of Earth, they might degrade organic pollutants and help maintain the purity of groundwater or, rather less usefully, degrade the containers in which the DOE was proposing to deposit the radioactive waste from nuclear facilities. They demonstrated the presence of many different types of microorganisms in rocks at depths down to 500 meters beneath the surface. Since then, microbes have been discovered in many different types of rocks and deep within ocean sediments. The record depth at which life has been found is at the bottom of a South African gold mine, 3.5 kilometers below ground. Pressure and temperature increase as you go deeper into Earth. Some scientists think that subsurface bacteria could withstand temperatures as high as 150℃. This would allow organisms to exist to depths of about 7 kilometers beneath the seafloor and to 4 kilometers below the surface of the land. Although the organisms are often sparsely distributed, this is such an enormous volume that it has been estimated that the total biomass of deep subsurface organisms exceeds that of those living on, or just below, the surface.

翻译： 首批使用这些技术的科学家参与了美国能源部的地下科学项目。他们感兴趣的可能性是：如果生物存在于地球深处，它们或许可以降解有机污染物，帮助维持地下水的纯净；或者，从不太有用的方面看，它们也可能降解能源部计划用来存放核设施放射性废料的容器。他们在深入地下500米的岩石中证实了多种不同类型的微生物的存在。自此以后，在许多不同类型的岩石和深海沉积物中都发现了微生物。目前发现生命的最深记录是在一个南非金矿的底部，地下3.5公里处。随着向地球深处深入，压力和温度都会增加。一些科学家认为，地下细菌可以承受高达150℃的温度。这将使生物能够生存在海床下约7公里深处和陆地表面下4公里深处。尽管这些生物通常分布稀疏，但由于地下体积如此巨大，据估计，深层地下生物的总生物量超过了那些生活在地表或地表附近的生物的总生物量。

重点词汇：

  • maintain the purity of: 维持...的纯净
  • deposit: 存放，沉积
  • withstand: 承受，经受住
  • biomass: 生物量
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原文： Bacteria are the most numerous of these subsurface organisms, but there are also fungi and protozoa. Some 10,000 strains of microorganism have been isolated from subsurface cores. Each gram of rock contains anything from 100 bacteria to 10 million bacteria(compared with more than 1 billion per gram in agricultural soils); ocean sediments contain even higher numbers. The protozoa feed on the bacteria, forming part of a simple subterranean food chain, but what do the bacteria feed on? Sedimentary rocks are formed from sands and from ocean, river, or lake sediments that have organic material trapped within them. Microbes living in pores within the sediments can utilize these ancient nutrients and grow. As sedimentary rocks are buried more deeply, they become increasingly compacted and their pores filled with minerals. The distribution of microorganisms is thus likely to become more patchy, condensed into the remaining pores and concentrations of nutrients. The bulk of Earth's crust, however, consists of igneous rocks, such as granite and basalt, which are solidified from molten magma. These rocks were too hot to support life when they were first formed; the organisms that inhabit cracks and fissures within the rocks are carried there by the groundwater flowing through them. Subsurface bacteria do not just rely on nutrients trapped within the rock or carried there by groundwater. Some are chemotrophs, deriving their energy from the oxidation of iron or sulfur compounds and building organic material directly from the carbon dioxide and hydrogen gas dissolved in the rock. These bacteria excrete organic compounds that are then utilized by other types of bacteria. These ecosystems based on chemotrophic bacteria are completely independent of material and solar energy from the surface.

翻译： 细菌是这些地下生物中数量最多的，但也有真菌和原生动物。从地下岩芯中已经分离出约10,000种微生物。每克岩石中含有从100到1000万不等的细菌（相比之下，每克农业土壤中含有超过10亿个细菌）；海洋沉积物中的数量甚至更高。原生动物以细菌为食，构成了一个简单的地下食物链的一部分，但细菌又以什么为食呢？沉积岩是由沙子和海洋、河流或湖泊的沉积物形成的，这些沉积物中 trapped 了有机物质。生活在沉积物孔隙中的微生物可以利用这些古老的养分并生长。随着沉积岩被埋得更深，它们变得越来越压实，孔隙被矿物质填充。因此，微生物的分布可能变得更加零散，集中在剩余的孔隙和营养富集区。然而，地壳的大部分是由火成岩（如花岗岩和玄武岩）组成的，它们是由熔融的岩浆凝固而成的。这些岩石在最初形成时温度太高，无法支持生命；栖息在岩石裂缝中的生物是由流经它们的地下水带到那里的。地下细菌不仅仅依赖于困在岩石中或由地下水带来的养分。有些是化能营养菌，它们通过氧化铁或硫化合物获得能量，并直接利用溶解在岩石中的二氧化碳和氢气来构建有机物质。这些细菌会分泌出有机化合物，然后被其他类型的细菌利用。这些基于化能营养菌的生态系统完全独立于地表的物质和太阳能。

重点词汇：

  • protozoa: 原生动物
  • strains: （微生物）菌株，品种
  • subterranean: 地下的
  • Sedimentary rocks: 沉积岩
  • trapped: 被困住的，被封存的
  • pores: 孔隙
  • compacted: 被压实的
  • patchy: 零散的，分布不均的
  • condensed into: 浓缩到...
  • The bulk of: 大部分
  • igneous rocks: 火成岩
  • granite: 花岗岩
  • basalt: 玄武岩
  • solidified: 凝固的
  • molten magma: 熔融的岩浆
  • fissures: 裂缝
  • chemotrophs: 化能营养生物
  • deriving from: 从...获得
  • oxidation: 氧化作用
  • excrete: 分泌，排泄

Reading II